Deciphering the ancient calendar glades

So awesome was deciphered ancient calendar glades. Now, Rybakov was able to draw an analogy between the ornaments on this vessel, and IV in the jar., Found back in 1899 archaeologist V. Hvoyko in with. Daisies near Kiev. Pitcher hit researchers unusual patterns, which no one could decipher. Sophisticated ornamental signs marked on the vessel wall in two rows. The top row shows two of the cross, a hexagon - a sign of thunder and lightning, the young tree, ears, sickles, in the second row - 96 squares and wavy lines. BA Rybakov, speculated that the squares represent days, and identified a hexagon with the holiday storm and thunder, which in the Julian calendar falls on July 20 (Elijah's Day). The holiday of Ivan Kupala Day is separated from Ilina at 27 days, and the jar between the hexagon and two crosses, as is often designated day, Midsummer, there are 27 squares. Between the images of the tree, symbolizing Yarily day, and hexagon (Elijah's Day) is 46 squares, which corresponds to 4 June. And we know from the chronicles that day Yarily fell on that date. Consequently, we have - the exact calendar from May 2 to August 7. Even signs of rain - wavy lines - depicted in the top row of the ornament at a time when moisture is most needed wheat: 20-30 May, 11-20 June, 4-6 July. More rains are no longer needed, and signs of rain are transferred from the upper to the lower number - into the ground before harvest.Astronomy as a science originated in ancient times. She accompanied mankind throughout the development of civilization from its very origins. The need for a fixed time interval forced primitive peoples to create a calendar system, constantly improve them, and each time to make more accurate calendars. Thus were laid the beginnings of astronomical knowledge of our ancestors.

Astronomy of the American Indians

Astronomy of the American Indians - value and history

In article the short review of astronomy of the American Indians is given. In each culture there are own representations about the night sky. Each tribe, group or the nation has own belief of that such and what value they have stars. American Indian tribes had own belief concerning value of stars, and these belief varied in each separate tribe.


Who observed of the sky?

The astronomy of the American Indians has been more often connected with elders of tribes, or with those people who have been connected with spiritual or religious to questions.

The majority of tribes, as well as in the West considered that movement of stars will be reflected in an order of things. Predictions of signs on the Earth, meant and predicted terrible droughts or success of crops. A little the American Indians of a tribe have opened and have accepted four basic directions, on the north, the south, the east and the West, as sacred. They have defined in these directions of a star, and on each direction have defined the gods.

Some astronomical events were very useful to all and everyone. Stars were used for navigation. The matter is that stars could see everyone and use for definition of a direction of movement during distant travel. For radical Americans, the astronomy is also the important factor in an everyday life.

Legends on stars

American Indian tribes thought out various that explanation why stars change position and are grouped in such order. These stories were various that testifies to a huge variety of belief which have been found out in these various tribes. For example, the tribe of western Mono in California considers that Galaxies were in group of six women which have been moved from the houses because of the unpleasant has begun to smell from a mouth from onions. To a tribe черноногих Montana and South Dakota, the Galaxy - six brothers of the orphans, which steels stars because of their neglect to a clan. Stories which are found in astronomy of radical Americans, used the best efforts to explain an origin of stars. All explanations were very various.

It is always interesting to note similarity between cultures. For example, in the West long thought of the Canis Major and the Small Dog as about stars of dogs. For Cheroki of the State of Tennessee, in the star sky there were two dogs-stars.


Importance of astronomy of the American Indians

The astronomy of the American Indians was very important for the several reasons. Stars have presented the navigation tool, for those who travels at night. For nomad tribes or tribes which often participated in long trips for which moving by the ground was very important. Besides, stars served as time quality monitoring. Unlike today when time can be defined to within a minute, the majority of tribes of the American Indians saw that time is divided only into the segments connected with their activity. For example, time was measured according to the beginning of inflow, change of colour of leaves and movement of stars in the sky. For many radical American people, year has paid off by quantity of the last full moons.

The Indian astronomy

Astronomy - one area, which интерсовала all mankind from the history beginnings. In India the first references to astronomy have been found in Drilling unit Veda which prescription is equated to 2000 in to н.э, Aryans Vedic actually idolised the Sun, Stars and Comets. The astronomy was then is closely interconnected with an astrology and as Hindus of ancient times used planets for a prediction of human destinies. Planets of Shani, that is. Saturn and the Brazier that is Mars considered ominous.

It would be surprising to know for us today that this science has promoted to such degree in ancient India that ancient Indian astronomers recognised that stars - the same creations as well as the sun that the sun - the Universe centre (solar system)


The Indian astronomy – the first changes in astronomy area.

The Indian astronomy has made huge impact on development of a science in the field of astronomy. The first mention of astronomy in India is dated date in four thousand years ago. Then activity of the Indian astronomers among which there were outstanding experts in these areas has been fixed. One of the first sources, research of stars in India the collection of hymns "Rigveda" created approximately in 2000 BC was mentioning


History of the Indian astronomy

The Indian astronomy and astrology has been closely connected among themselves. Ancient Indians considered that position of planets defines destiny of the person, especially planets Saturn and Mars. These representations have laid down in a basis of a modern astrology and horoscopes. However, they gave much more religious importance in the early texts devoted to astronomy, Scientist «Laghada's Vedanga Jyotisha» was rules of tracking movement of the Sun and the Moon for the coordination with the ritual purposes are declared. Early calculations of the Indian astronomy used stars. These calculations are based on stars and сидерическом the period. The period was defined as time, which is required to object to make one complete revolution round the Sun, in relation to stars.

Early Indian astronomers and their opening

Many have made opening which have left far forward in comparison with their western colleagues of the earliest Indian astronomers.

Арьябхатта

Арьябхатта was born in 476 year of our era, and it is widely recognised as the father of the Indian astronomy. When to it was about 25 years, it has presented astronomical and mathematical theories in which it was accepted that the Earth will rotate about the axis, and the periods of rotation of planets have been considered in relation to the Sun, instead of in stars. These calculations have put a basis of that we name now Solar system with the sun, being in its centre. In the ores of Arjabhatta has considerably outstripped the time. Also it has made numerous measurements which were surprisingly exact the then, including a circle and diameter of the Earth. It also has counted up that the radius of an orbit of a planet, depends on radius of the Earth and the Sun. The orbit was equal to duration of time spent for rotation round the Sun. Арьябхатта was the first astronomer who has opened that orbits of planets round the Sun in the form of ellipses. Its researches have led to opening of the reasons of occurrence of lunar and solar eclipses. Also it at necessary calculations could predict their occurrence. Арьябхатта was not only the first Indian the astronomer, but was also the master of mathematics and has thought up the term "zero", and has precisely calculated number пи (?) to 4 signs after a comma.

On April, 19th, 1975 India has directed the first companion into an orbit, with a name ' to Arjabhatta.


Брахмагупты

Брахмагупты was born during 598 our era and was head of the Indian astronomical observatory of Uddzhajn. It was the first who used algebra in the decision of astronomical problems. Брахмагупты has developed methods of calculation of movement and position of numerous planets. It also is calculated a circle of the Earth as an equivalent of 36000 kilometres that is extremely close to modern calculations of 40000 kilometres.


Бхаскара

Бхаскара was born in 1114 AD, also became head of an observatory of Uddzhajn. It went in the footsteps of Brahmagupty with its same ingenious mathematical gift, and has developed set of planetary calculations, including time necessary for rotation of the Earth in an orbit round the Sun to within 9 signs after a comma.


Мадхава

Мадхава He was born in 1340 AD has based School Kerala astronomies and mathematics. It has led to occurrence of variety of excellent astronomers and helped with creation of the Indian astronomy as the world leader around 14 and 16 centuries.

Islamic Astronomy

Islamic Astronomy - history and value of the Arabian astronomy

In this article the short review of Islamic astronomy which also name Arabian is given. Before occurrence of astronomy as a science, Islamic Arabs relied on the empirical knowledge of stars. The great value is given to genesis and development of Islamic astronomy during the period with 8 for 14 centuries Development astronomy receives in such places, as the Near East, the North Africa, and then Mauritian Spain. In these areas and regions as it is known, the big break in astronomy has been made, and Europe has made the first steps to an enlightenment in dark centuries.


Early influences

Thanks to association of the several overseas people Sasanidov, эллинистической and the Indian nation, the Islamic astronomy, (known as Arabian) has received a fast push to development.

The Indian influence on the Arabian astronomy can be seen in transfer of works written on a Sanskrit. Also transfer of Zidzh of the al-shah of a collection of astronomical tables which have been made within two centuries in Persia - shows strong Persian influence on Islamic astronomy. Knowledge of mathematics in astronomy is very important, therefore it is no wonder that distribution to the Arabian astronomy placed emphasis on mathematics.

Besides similarity with the central ancient civilisations, the Arabian astronomy suggested to address to other cultural influences. It is connected with variety of problems begun for the religious practices connected in basic with хронометражом. Therefore it is not surprising that Almagest - work of Ptolemeja became, significant event in Islamic astronomy, with accent on assyrians, Greeks, the Persian and Roman chronological tables for timing referring to astronomical events. It includes knowledge of astronomy and geometry and shows art of the Arabian astronomy of those times. Evklid whom and today still name the expert on an astrology has caused a stir also. It became known as the greatest for the astronomer or "Al-megiste".

The inheritance

Islam has made the considerable contribution to area of mathematics and astronomy in the form of such opening as Ekvatorium, Planosfera, a lunno-solar calendar, a spherical astrolabe, армиллярная sphere, a compass, a dial, cartographical. Till now it is possible to meet the astronomical terms borrowed from an Islamic astrology in a modern science: an azimuth, zenith, Altair and Deneb, альмукантараты and an alidade.